MIL-HDBK-9660 Dod Produced Cd-Rom ProductsThis document was prepared by the Defense information Systems Agency DISA, in cooperation with the services and other activities within the Department of Defense DOD. The goal of this document is to provide information and guidelines to support the creation and interoperability of Compact Disc-Read Only Memory CD-ROM development and use within DOD. This document specifies core compact disc fundamentals for the DOD community. It is strongly recommended all DOD components comply with the fundamentals established within this document. Specialized functions within DOD may require expanded internal guidance to meet their own mission needs. All other Government entities are invited to use this document.

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MIL-HDBK-9660B

CD-ROM Mode 1 - Standard CD-ROM, for text and computer data, includes layered ECC (2,048 bytes of user data, 280 bytes of ECC per sector). The standard capacity used for CD-ROM with ECC is

650 MB (681,984,000 bytes).

12 Sync

4 Header (MM:SS:BB Mode=1) - describes sector's location and what mode it is recorded in.

2048 User Data

8 Error Detection Codes

272 Error Correction Codes

8 Blank

2352 Total

CD-ROM Mode 2 - For audio and voice data, has no extra error correction (2,336 bytes of user data), used mainly in CD-i and CD-ROM XA.

12 Sync

4 Header (MM:SS:BB Mode=2) - describes sector's location and what mode it is recorded in.

2336 User Data

2352 Total

Any given track on a Yellow Book CD-ROM must be designated as either Mode 1 or Mode 2. The first track on a standard CD-ROM will always be recorded in Mode 1. If the disc also contains Red Book audio tracks recorded in Mode 2, it is called a "mixed mode" disc (mixed mode allows for one track of CD-ROM followed by tracks of CD-A).

A.4.2.2.1 ISO/IEC 9660. The Yellow Book did not provide a directory structure which would allow different retrieval programs to read data regardless of the host computer or operating system. Therefore, a group of major vendors (Apple, DEC, Hitachi, LaserData, Microsoft, 3M, Philips, Reference Technology, Sony, TMS, VideoTools, and Xebec) met to define the High Sierra File format (HSF) standard, completed in May 1986. The HSF, named for the Del Webb High Sierra Hotel and Casino in Lake Tahoe, NV, where the group met, was the beginning of what is now known as ISO/IEC 9660. Discs formatted under the HSF standard are rare today, but those that still exist are not compatible with today's ISO 9660.

A.4.2.2.2 Limits to ISO/IEC 9660: Competing companies agreed by consensus to develop a standard file structure which eventually culminated into ISO/IEC 9660. Since its publication it has been extremely useful for standardizing the storage of computer-based information on a compact disc. However, its roots lie in the commercial audio industry, designed to be read-only, from start to finish, or at least one track/song at a time. Since that time technology and demands have changed tremendously.

1. In Level 1 of ISO 9660, file names are limited to eight characters plus a three character extension. In addition, file names must be all capital letters, and are limited to A-Z, 0-9, and the underscore. No special characters are allowed. In Level 3, the maximum file name is 31 characters. At the end of the file name, the version number (e.g., ;1) of the file is also added. Levels 2 and 3 are not available to all systems, specifically MS-DOS PCs. To accommodate non-English languages, a supplementary volume descriptor (SVD) must be used, support for SVD is not common in the U.S.